Muslim Minority Of Greece
This article is about the indigenous minority of Thrace in northern Greece. For information regarding Islam in Greece in general, see Islam in Greece.
The Muslim minority of Greece (Greek language: μουσουλμανική μειονότητα Ελλάδος mousoulmanikē meionotēta Hellados; Turkish language: Yunanistan müslüman azınlığı; Bulgarian language: мюсюлманско малцинство на Гърция mjusjulmansko maltsinstvo na Gǎrtsija; Romani language: Xoraxani selyori andi Elada) is the only explicitly recognized Minority group in Greece. It numbers 97,604 people or 0.95% of the total population, according to the 1991 census. Υπουργείο Εξωτερικών, Υπηρεσία Ενημέρωσης: Μουσουλμάνικη μειονότητα Θράκης and Ελληνική Επιτροπή για τη διαχείρηση των υδατικών πόρων: Στοιχεία από την πρόσφατη απογραφή του πληθυσμού
The Muslim minority consists of several ethnicities. A similar term, "Muslims by nationality", was used in Yugoslavia to describe a similar situation.
For historical reasons, the minority resides in the Regions of Greece of Western Thrace where they make up 28.88% of the population. They form the majority in the Rhodope Prefecture (51.77%) and sizable percentages in the Xanthi Prefecture (41.19%) and Evros Prefectures (4.65%). Υπουργείο Εξωτερικών, Υπηρεσία Ενημέρωσης: Μουσουλμάνικη μειονότητα Θράκης
Background Under the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923, Greece and Turkey conducted a Population exchange between Greece and Turkey: all Christian inhabitants of Turkey subject to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople – the Greek Patriarch – would be resettled in Greece apart from those of Istanbul (Constantinople), Gokceada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos), and all Muslims in Greece would be resettled in Turkey apart from the Muslims of Greek Thrace.The exchanged populations were not homogenous; the Christians resettled in Greece included not only Greek speakers, but also Georgian speakers, Arabic speakers and even Turkish speakers. Similarly, the Muslims resettled in Turkey included not only Turkish speakers, but also Albanian speakers, Bulgarian speakers, Megleno-Romanians and even Greek speakers (see Greek Muslims). This was due to the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, where religious and national allegiance coincided, and thus Greece and Turkey were considered the parent state of each group respectively.
In 1922, the Muslim minority left in Thrace numbered approximately 86,000 people, and consisted of three ethnic groups: Turkish people, Pomaks (Muslim Slavs who speak Bulgarian language) and Muslim Roma people (Gypsies), each of these groups having its own language and culture, yet all espousing the same national identity. For this reason, the Treaty defines them as one Muslim minority, rather than three minorities: a Turkish, a Pomak and a Muslim Roma minority. According to the Greek government, ethnic Turks form approximately 50% of the minority, Pomaks 35% and Muslim Roma 15%.
The minority enjoys full equality with the Greek majority, and prohibition against discrimination and freedom of religion are provided for in Article 5 and Article 13 of the Greek constitution. Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, by the Greek Helsinki Monitor, 18 September 1999 In Thrace today there are 3 muftis, approximately 270 imams and approximately 300 mosques. Μuslim Minority of Thrace by the Greek ministry of foreign affairs
Politics The minority is always represented in the Greek parliament, and is currently represented by New Democracy (Greece) member Ahmet S. Ilhan . During the latest local elections (2002), approximately 250 Muslim municipal and prefectural councillors and mayors were elected, and the Vice-Prefect of Rhodope is also a Muslim. The main minority rights activist organization of the Turkish community within the minority is the "Turkish Minority Movement for Human and Minority Rights" (Greek language: Τούρκικη Μειονοτική Κίνηση για τα Ανθρώπινα και Μειονοτικά Δικαιώματα, Toúrkiki Meionotikí Kínisi yia ta Avthrópina kai Meionotiká Dikaiómata, Turkish language: İnsan ve Azınlık Hakları için Türk Azınlık Hareketi).
Education image:pomak-village-sokaki.jpg.In Thrace today there are 235 minority primary schools, where education is in the Greek language and Turkish language languages, and there are also two minority secondary schools, one in Xanthi and one in Komotini, where most of the minority is concentrated. In the remote mountainous areas of Xanthi where the Pomak element is dominant, the Greek government has set up Greek language secondary education schools in which religious studies is taught in Turkish and the Koran is taught in Arabic. The Pomak language (which is essentially considered a dialect of Bulgarian language), however, is not taught at any level of the education system. Report on the Pomaks, by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights The government finances the transportation to and from the schools for students who live in remote areas, and in the academic year 1997-98, approximately 195,000 USD was spent on transportation.
There are two Islamic theological seminaries, one in Komotini, and one in Echinos (a small town in Xanthi Prefecture inhabited almost exclusively by Pomaks), and under Law 2621/1998, the qualification awarded by these institutions has been recognized as equal to that of the Greek Orthodox seminaries in the country.
Finally, 0.5% of places in Greek higher education institutions are reserved for members of the minority.
All the aforementioned institutions are funded by the state.United States Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report 2006
Grievances The main minority grievance regards the appointment of muftis. The Greek government started appointing muftis instead of holding elections after the death of Mufti of Komotini in 1985 (which is a failure to implement Law 2345/1920 according to Cultural Survival Vestiges of the Ottoman Past: Muslims Under Siege in Contemporary Greek Thrace), although the Greek government maintained that as the practice of state-appointed muftis is widespread (including in Turkey), this practice should be adhered to in Greece, and as the muftis perform certain judicial functions in matters of family and inheritance law, the state ought to appoint them. Human Rights Watch alleges that this is against Lausanne Treaty which grants the Muslim minority the right to organize and conduct religious affairs free from government interference Human Rights Watch: The Turks of Western Thrace (although it is unclear whether issues such as inheritance law are religious matters). As such, there are two muftis for each post, one elected by the participating faithful, and one appointed by Presidential Decree. The elected Mufti of Xanthi is Mr Aga and the government recognized one is Mr Sinikoğlu; the elected Mufti of Komotini is Mr Şerif and the government recognized one is Mr Cemali. According to the Greek government, the elections by which Mr Aga and Mr Şerif were appointed were rigged and involved very little participation from the minority. As pretension of (religious) authority is a criminal offence against the lawful muftis under the Greek Penal Code, both elected muftis were prosecuted and on conviction, both were imprisoned and fined. When, however, the case was taken to the European Court of Human Rights, the Greek government was found to have violated the right to religious freedom of Mr Aga and Mr Şerif. The case of Mehmet Emin Aga
Another controversial issue was Article 19 of the Greek Citizenship Code, which allowed the government to revoke the citizenship of non-ethnic Greeks who left the country. According to official statistics 46,638 Muslims (most of them being of Turkish origin) from Thrace and the Dodecanese islands lost their citizenships from 1955 to 1998, until the law was non-retroactively abolished in 1998. Press Release of Federation of Western Thrace Turks in Europe and HRW World Report 1999: Greece:Human Rights Developments
The final grievance is the Greek government's restrictions on the usage of the terms "Turk" and "Turkish" when describing the minority as a whole. A number of organizations, including the "Turkish Union of Xanthi", have been banned for using those terms in their title.
See also
References
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The Muslim minority consists of several ethnicities. A similar term, "Muslims by nationality", was used in Yugoslavia to describe a similar situation.
For historical reasons, the minority resides in the Regions of Greece of Western Thrace where they make up 28.88% of the population. They form the majority in the Rhodope Prefecture (51.77%) and sizable percentages in the Xanthi Prefecture (41.19%) and Evros Prefectures (4.65%). Υπουργείο Εξωτερικών, Υπηρεσία Ενημέρωσης: Μουσουλμάνικη μειονότητα Θράκης
Background Under the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923, Greece and Turkey conducted a Population exchange between Greece and Turkey: all Christian inhabitants of Turkey subject to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople – the Greek Patriarch – would be resettled in Greece apart from those of Istanbul (Constantinople), Gokceada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos), and all Muslims in Greece would be resettled in Turkey apart from the Muslims of Greek Thrace.The exchanged populations were not homogenous; the Christians resettled in Greece included not only Greek speakers, but also Georgian speakers, Arabic speakers and even Turkish speakers. Similarly, the Muslims resettled in Turkey included not only Turkish speakers, but also Albanian speakers, Bulgarian speakers, Megleno-Romanians and even Greek speakers (see Greek Muslims). This was due to the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, where religious and national allegiance coincided, and thus Greece and Turkey were considered the parent state of each group respectively.
In 1922, the Muslim minority left in Thrace numbered approximately 86,000 people, and consisted of three ethnic groups: Turkish people, Pomaks (Muslim Slavs who speak Bulgarian language) and Muslim Roma people (Gypsies), each of these groups having its own language and culture, yet all espousing the same national identity. For this reason, the Treaty defines them as one Muslim minority, rather than three minorities: a Turkish, a Pomak and a Muslim Roma minority. According to the Greek government, ethnic Turks form approximately 50% of the minority, Pomaks 35% and Muslim Roma 15%.
The minority enjoys full equality with the Greek majority, and prohibition against discrimination and freedom of religion are provided for in Article 5 and Article 13 of the Greek constitution. Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, by the Greek Helsinki Monitor, 18 September 1999 In Thrace today there are 3 muftis, approximately 270 imams and approximately 300 mosques. Μuslim Minority of Thrace by the Greek ministry of foreign affairs
Politics The minority is always represented in the Greek parliament, and is currently represented by New Democracy (Greece) member Ahmet S. Ilhan . During the latest local elections (2002), approximately 250 Muslim municipal and prefectural councillors and mayors were elected, and the Vice-Prefect of Rhodope is also a Muslim. The main minority rights activist organization of the Turkish community within the minority is the "Turkish Minority Movement for Human and Minority Rights" (Greek language: Τούρκικη Μειονοτική Κίνηση για τα Ανθρώπινα και Μειονοτικά Δικαιώματα, Toúrkiki Meionotikí Kínisi yia ta Avthrópina kai Meionotiká Dikaiómata, Turkish language: İnsan ve Azınlık Hakları için Türk Azınlık Hareketi).
Education image:pomak-village-sokaki.jpg.In Thrace today there are 235 minority primary schools, where education is in the Greek language and Turkish language languages, and there are also two minority secondary schools, one in Xanthi and one in Komotini, where most of the minority is concentrated. In the remote mountainous areas of Xanthi where the Pomak element is dominant, the Greek government has set up Greek language secondary education schools in which religious studies is taught in Turkish and the Koran is taught in Arabic. The Pomak language (which is essentially considered a dialect of Bulgarian language), however, is not taught at any level of the education system. Report on the Pomaks, by the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights The government finances the transportation to and from the schools for students who live in remote areas, and in the academic year 1997-98, approximately 195,000 USD was spent on transportation.
There are two Islamic theological seminaries, one in Komotini, and one in Echinos (a small town in Xanthi Prefecture inhabited almost exclusively by Pomaks), and under Law 2621/1998, the qualification awarded by these institutions has been recognized as equal to that of the Greek Orthodox seminaries in the country.
Finally, 0.5% of places in Greek higher education institutions are reserved for members of the minority.
All the aforementioned institutions are funded by the state.United States Department of State: International Religious Freedom Report 2006
Grievances The main minority grievance regards the appointment of muftis. The Greek government started appointing muftis instead of holding elections after the death of Mufti of Komotini in 1985 (which is a failure to implement Law 2345/1920 according to Cultural Survival Vestiges of the Ottoman Past: Muslims Under Siege in Contemporary Greek Thrace), although the Greek government maintained that as the practice of state-appointed muftis is widespread (including in Turkey), this practice should be adhered to in Greece, and as the muftis perform certain judicial functions in matters of family and inheritance law, the state ought to appoint them. Human Rights Watch alleges that this is against Lausanne Treaty which grants the Muslim minority the right to organize and conduct religious affairs free from government interference Human Rights Watch: The Turks of Western Thrace (although it is unclear whether issues such as inheritance law are religious matters). As such, there are two muftis for each post, one elected by the participating faithful, and one appointed by Presidential Decree. The elected Mufti of Xanthi is Mr Aga and the government recognized one is Mr Sinikoğlu; the elected Mufti of Komotini is Mr Şerif and the government recognized one is Mr Cemali. According to the Greek government, the elections by which Mr Aga and Mr Şerif were appointed were rigged and involved very little participation from the minority. As pretension of (religious) authority is a criminal offence against the lawful muftis under the Greek Penal Code, both elected muftis were prosecuted and on conviction, both were imprisoned and fined. When, however, the case was taken to the European Court of Human Rights, the Greek government was found to have violated the right to religious freedom of Mr Aga and Mr Şerif. The case of Mehmet Emin Aga
Another controversial issue was Article 19 of the Greek Citizenship Code, which allowed the government to revoke the citizenship of non-ethnic Greeks who left the country. According to official statistics 46,638 Muslims (most of them being of Turkish origin) from Thrace and the Dodecanese islands lost their citizenships from 1955 to 1998, until the law was non-retroactively abolished in 1998. Press Release of Federation of Western Thrace Turks in Europe and HRW World Report 1999: Greece:Human Rights Developments
The final grievance is the Greek government's restrictions on the usage of the terms "Turk" and "Turkish" when describing the minority as a whole. A number of organizations, including the "Turkish Union of Xanthi", have been banned for using those terms in their title.
See also
- Minorities in Greece
- Demographics of Greece
- Turks of Western Thrace
- Republic of Gumuljina
- Pomaks
- Treaty of Lausanne
References
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